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Chicago and its suburbs have a historical population of Italian Americans. As of 2000, about 500,000 in the Chicago area identified themselves as being of Italian descent.〔Vecoli, Rudolph J. "(Italians )" ((Archive )). ''Encyclopedia of Chicago''. Retrieved on March 13, 2014.〕 ==History== The first Italian to come to what would become Chicago was Enrico Tonti, a Neapolitan soldier in service of the French. In the Fall of 1680, Tonti was in the la Salle Expedition and 2nd in command of the company. He and Father Membré, passed through the Chicago portage from the Illinois valley to Green Bay (having reached the Illinois River with La Salle by way of the Kankakee portage). On Jan. 7, 1682, Tonti met La Salle at Chicago, and together with a group of 21 additional Frenchmen and 30 Indians they used the portage on their way to the Mississippi, the mouth of which they reached on April 9, 1682.〔http://www.earlychicago.com/encyclopedia.php?letter=t&sel=La%20Salle#e2633〕 In 1697, Henri Tonti, Michel Accault, and François de la Forêt received permission from Governor Frontenac to establish a fortified trading post at Chicagou managed by Pierre de Liette, Tonti’s cousin, a Franco-Italian, which lasted until c.1705. De Liette kept a journal of his experiences living with the Illinois natives for those years he lived with them at the Chicago trading post. De Liette divided his time from 1691 to 1705 between the Miami at Chicago and the Illinois at Fort St. Louis de Pimiteoui, Peoria, which he had helped build. In Chicago, he ran a trading post in partnership with François Daupin de la Forêt, Michel Accault, and Henri de Tonti (probably near today's Tribune Tower ) which he had to close, leaving in 1705 after the king revoked his trading license; continued as French commander and trader in the Illinois country until 1720. From Liette's memoirs: "Most beautiful, you begin to see its fertility at Chicago, unwooded prairies, requiring only to be turned up by the plow, most temperate climate." 〔http://www.earlychicago.com/encyclopedia.php?letter=l&sel=Liette#e1899〕 In the 1850s, Italians settled in Chicago. Originally, most were Genoese. The first generation worked primarily as merchants, restaurateurs, and fruit sellers. Some worked in the plaster industry.〔Candeloro, Dominic. "(Chicago's ITALIANS: IMMIGRANTS, ETHNICS, ACHIEVERS, 1850-1985 )" ((Archive )). Illinois Periodicals Online (IPO), Northern Illinois University. Retrieved on March 13, 2014.〕 The plaster workers originated from Lucca.〔Candeloro, "Chicago's Italians, A Survey of the Ethnic Factor, 1850-1990," p. (229 ).〕 A second wave of immigration,〔 this time from rural areas in southern and central Italy,〔 arrived between 1880 and 1914. As of 2014, most Italian Americans in Chicago were descended from this immigration wave,〔 which consisted mainly of young men, mostly illiterate and low-income.〔 In 1920, Chicago had the third-largest ethnic Italian population in the nation, surpassed only by New York City and Philadelphia.〔 Rudolph J. Vecoli wrote that Al Capone had damaged the reputation of the Italian community in Chicago.〔 Dominic Candeloro, author of ''Italians in Chicago, 1945-2005'', stated that "ballpark" estimates were that between 1945 and 2005, 25,000 Italians, including recent immigrants from Calabria, Apulia, and Sicily, arrived in Chicago.〔Candeloro, ''Italians in Chicago, 1945-2005'', p. (7 ).〕 The Italians who came in this wave were more nationalistic, entrepreneurial and educated than those of previous waves. The Italians settled in Addison, Berwyn, Elmwood Park, Melrose Park, Norridge, Westchester and elsewhere. Candeloro wrote that they "rescued Italian American life in the city from a total meltdown, injected new enthusiasm into dying institutions and new organizations like the Italian Cultural Center".〔 In the post-World War II era, many Little Italies in Chicago disappeared.〔 Some were demolished to make way for new institutions and structures. The University of Illinois Chicago, highways, and public housing replaced former Italian neighborhoods. This caused increasing numbers of Italians to move to suburbs west of Chicago.〔 In 1970, there were 202,373 Italian immigrants and children of Italian immigrants living in the Chicago area, making up about 3% of the total population. By 1970, a majority of the ethnic Italians in the Chicago area lived in suburban communities such as Berwyn, Cicero, and Oak Park. That year, Ruldoph J. Vacoli stated that "vestiges" of former Italian American communities within Chicago still existed.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Italians in Chicago」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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